The interconnection between the Earth’s ionosphere and its thermosphere is explored through observations of thermospheric anomalies and their associated phenomena.  The characteristics of several types of anomalies are presented and the central role played by ion-neutral coupling in forming them is discussed through analysis, theory, and modeling.  A particular focus is on the high-altitude winds that both act as drivers and signatures of forcing.  New questions regarding I-T interactions are developed based on the results, and future investigations designed to answer these questions are fr

Since the discovery of the proton in 1917, physicists have been studying its properties: Asking questions about the internal structure and external phenomena of this basic piece of matter. This past century has been working to build an understanding that begins at the most fundamental quark level, builds up to protons and neutrons, and describes how they come together to form the atomic nuclei that make up everything we see around us.